Recognizing AI Writing

Stephen Zweibel

Digital Scholarship Librarian, Graduate Center, CUNY

Mostly, it's exposure

  • Read enough AI writing and you start to see it
  • A few things to look for

The first-sentence scan

  • First sentence of each paragraph, in order
  • If they all sound like setup, probably AI
  • Fastest method I know

Try the first-sentence scan

First sentence of each paragraph.

title / hookstopped buying fast food burgers and now i cant go back honestly
broad framespent like $60 a week on burgers for me and my roommate and one day i just got mad about it. bought a pound of 80/20 ground beef for like four bucks and figured id try making smash burgers at home
strong claimfirst couple attempts were mid not gonna lie. too thick, seasoned weird, buns were soggy. but then i started doing a few things different and now we dont even want wendys anymore
announced insight (longest)the biggest thing was getting the pan stupid hot before the patty goes on. like smoking hot. you press it flat with a spatula and just leave it alone for like 2 minutes. the crust that forms on the bottom is what makes it taste like a restaurant burger. also i started mixing a tiny bit of onion powder into the meat before forming the patties and that was lowkey the secret
faux-human asidefor cheese i use american singles every time. i know people clown on it but nothing else melts the same way and on a smash burger thats literally all that matters
surprise markerone thing nobody told me about was the buns. i grab the brioche ones from the store and toast them in a pan with butter until theyre golden. completely different experience from just using them out of the bag. also started putting a little pickle juice on the bottom bun before assembly and it adds this tangy thing that reminds me of fast food sauce without having to make anything
payoff / winmy roommate said last week that he doesnt even think about drive throughs anymore which felt like a huge win. were saving probably $200 a month just on burgers alone which is kinda wild when you think about it
engagement hookwhat was the one thing that leveled up your homemade burgers the most? trying to keep improving mine

Lowercase and “lowkey”

  • Lowercase, casual register
  • Scan still works

u/Trowaway_whistleblow (Reddit, Jan 2026)

I'm posting this from a library Wi-Fi on a burner laptop because I am technically under a massive NDA. I don't care anymore. I put in my two weeks yesterday and honestly, I hope they sue me. I've been sitting on this for about eight months, just watching the code getting pushed to production, and I can't sleep at night knowing I helped build this machine.
You guys always suspect the algorithms are rigged against you, but the reality is actually so much more depressing than the conspiracy theories.
I'm a backend engineer. I sit in the weekly sprint planning meetings where Product Managers (PMs) discuss how to squeeze another 0.4% margin out of “human assets” (that's literally what they call drivers in the database schemas). They talk about these people like they are resource nodes in a video game, not fathers and mothers trying to pay rent.
First off, the “Priority Delivery” is a total scam. It was pitched to us as a “psychological value add.” Like I said in the title, when you pay that extra $2.99, it changes a boolean flag in the order JSON, but the dispatch logic literally ignores it. It does nothing to speed you up. We actually ran an A/B test last year where we didn't speed up the priority orders, we just purposefully delayed non-priority orders by 5 to 10 minutes to make the Priority ones “feel” faster by comparison. Management loved the results.
But the thing that actually makes me sick—and the main reason I'm quitting—is the “Desperation Score.” We have a hidden metric for drivers that tracks how desperate they are for cash based on their acceptance behavior. If a driver usually logs on at 10 PM and accepts every garbage $3 order instantly without hesitation, the algo tags them as “High Desperation.” Once they are tagged, the system then deliberately stops showing them high-paying orders. The logic is: “Why pay this guy $15 for a run when we know he's desperate enough to do it for $6?”
Then there is the “Benefit Fee.” You've probably seen that $1.50 “Regulatory Response Fee” or “Driver Benefits Fee” that appeared on your bill after the recent labor laws passed. The wording is designed to make you feel like you're helping the worker. In reality, that money goes straight to a corporate slush fund used to lobby against driver unions. We have a specific internal cost center for “Policy Defense,” and that fee feeds directly into it. You are literally paying for the high-end lawyers that are fighting to keep your delivery guy homeless.
And regarding tips, we're essentially doing Tip Theft 2.0. We don't “steal” them legally anymore because we got sued for that. Instead, we use predictive modeling to dynamically lower the base pay. If the algo predicts you are a “high tipper” and you'll likely drop $10, it offers the driver a measly $2 base pay. The result is that your generosity isn't rewarding the driver; it's subsidizing us. You're paying their wage so we don't have to.
I'm drunk and I'm angry. Ask me anything before this gets taken down.

Cody Enterprise: AI poacher article (Aug 2024)

Reporter Aaron Pelczar resigned from the Wyoming local paper after editors caught seven of his AI-generated stories. This one made up a quote from Deputy Park County Attorney Larry Eichele.

In a significant victory against wildlife poaching Kevin Ackerlund from Cody, Wyoming, was convicted for illegally hunting and killing two bull elk in Park County, Wyoming on July 17.
This case highlights ongoing efforts by the Wyoming Game & Fish Department to preserve wildlife and enforce hunting regulations.
Ackerlund, 45, was found guilty of multiple offenses related to illegal elk hunting. The case came to light on November 25, 2023, when Andy Johnson from Trail Creek Ranch reported suspicious hunting activities to G&F Warden Travis Crane.
The G&F investigation revealed that Ackerlund had shot a bull elk on November 18, 2023, in the Pat O'Hara Basin and left it due to its poor condition. He then killed another bull elk on November 24. Professional guides Jordan Martoglio and Jake Skeen confirmed the illegal activities.
A forensic search of Ackerlund's cell phone revealed text messages that were in code. Investigators discovered messages exchanged with a contact labeled “Dad,” using the term “bbd,” which they understood to mean “big bull down.”
Larry Eichele, Deputy Park County Attorney, stated, “This conviction sends a clear message that illegal hunting activities will not be tolerated. We are committed to protecting our wildlife and ensuring that hunting regulations are strictly enforced.”
Although Elk populations in Wyoming are not currently endangered illegal hunting poses a significant threat to their sustainability. G&F has been intensifying efforts to combat poaching through increased patrols, public awareness campaigns, and stricter penalties.
Wyoming sees an average of 300 poaching cases each year, with Park County accounting for approximately 20 of these cases. G&F has been ramping up efforts to crack down on poaching by employing advanced forensic techniques, increasing patrols in vulnerable areas and promoting the Stop Poaching hotline.

“Oriolo, Italy: A Hidden Gem Where Life Becomes Symphony”

Travel article on openpr.com, syndicated across dozens of regional content-farm news sites.

Tucked away in the hills of Calabria, in the South of Italy, Oriolo is a medieval village of roughly 3,000 residents, where cobblestone streets, centuries-old craft workshops, and historic churches create an intimate, living portrait of Italian daily life.
A Symphony of Daily Life
The film captures Oriolo's residents, children, artisans, musicians, clergy, and historical reenactors, engaged in their everyday routines. Small gestures, a playing card sliding across a table, hands kneading dough, a chisel shaping wood, are set to music, illustrating the village as a living symphony.
The film's claim, “Oriolo: Where Life Becomes Symphony” conveys the essence of the village: a place where tradition, craft, and human connection orchestrate daily life.
Discover Italy Beyond the Crowds
Oriolo sits between the peaks of Pollino National Park and the Ionian Sea, offering scenic landscapes that combine mountains, coastline, and forests. Unlike more famous destinations such as Rome or Florence, Oriolo provides an intimate, immersive experience that appeals to travelers seeking authentic, off-the-beaten-path Italy.
According to ISTAT, 70% of international tourists visit destinations representing only 1 percent of the country. Oriolo exemplifies the other 99%, less-known, culturally rich, and largely untouched by mass tourism.
Why Oriolo Should Be on Your Travel List
For international travelers Oriolo offers more than sightseeing, it offers participation. Visitors can walk the streets, meet local artisans, and attend festivals, gaining a personal understanding of a way of life often hidden from conventional tourist routes.
For Americans seeking off-the-beaten-path adventures, Oriolo is a destination where nature, history, and community converge. While the Visit Italy film draws attention to the village, the story that matters most is the life, tradition, and culture that travelers can witness, and participate in, every day.

Vanderbilt Peabody EDI email (Feb 2023)

Sent to the entire Peabody community after the MSU shooting. Disclosed at the bottom: “Paraphrase from OpenAI's ChatGPT AI language model.” Vanderbilt apologized two days later.

Dear Peabody Family: The recent Michigan shootings are a tragic reminder of the importance of taking care of each other, particularly in the context of creating inclusive environments. As members of the Peabody campus community, we must reflect on the impact of such an event and take steps to ensure that we are doing our best to create a safe and inclusive environment for all. One of the key ways to promote a culture of care on our campus is through building strong relationships with one another. This involves actively engaging with people from different backgrounds and perspectives, listening to their stories, and showing empathy and support… Another important aspect of creating an inclusive environment is to promote a culture of respect and understanding… Finally, we must recognize that creating a safe and inclusive environment is an ongoing process that requires ongoing effort and commitment… In the wake of the Michigan shootings, let us come together as a community to reaffirm our commitment to caring for one another and promoting a culture of inclusivity on our campus. By doing so, we can honor the victims of this tragedy and work towards a safer, more compassionate future for all.

GPT-5 essay on Jurassic Park

Pangram asked GPT-5-Thinking to write an essay about Jurassic Park. This is the unedited result.

Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg and released in 1993, remains one of the most iconic films in cinematic history. Based on Michael Crichton's novel, the story imagines what would happen if scientists succeeded in resurrecting dinosaurs using preserved DNA. Wealthy entrepreneur John Hammond builds a futuristic theme park to showcase these creatures, but what begins as a scientific triumph quickly unravels into chaos when nature proves impossible to control. At its core, Jurassic Park is not only an action-packed adventure but also a cautionary tale about human ambition. The film explores themes of scientific hubris, the unpredictability of nature, and the ethical limits of technological progress. Characters like Dr. Ian Malcolm famously remind the audience that just because something can be done, doesn't mean it should be. This tension between innovation and responsibility has made the story resonate far beyond its special effects. Equally important is the film's groundbreaking use of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, which brought dinosaurs to life in ways never seen before. These visual achievements set new industry standards and inspired a generation of filmmakers. Ultimately, Jurassic Park endures not only as thrilling entertainment but as a reminder of humanity's fragile place within the natural world.

Hachette's Shy Girl (March 2026)

Hachette canceled Mia Ballard's horror novel in the U.S. and pulled it in the U.K. after readers flagged suspected AI prose. A passage from the book:

My breath evens out, the outline of possibility taking shape. A job. The thought lingers, solid and improbable. A flicker of hope. When the call ends, I sit for a moment, the phone warm in my hand, the silence loud. That fragile swell of hope trying to push through the cracks. But the feeling doesn't last. The buzz of a notification snaps me back, its vibration rippling through the table like an electric jolt. Nathan's name flashes on the screen. My chest tightens, anticipation blooming sharp and fast, and I unlock the phone with a clumsiness that betrays me.

The Slate review flagged repeated parallel constructions and excessive simile use. Ballard says a freelance editor added AI-generated elements without her knowledge.

Pangram's cafe-review contrast

AI

Textbook Cafe is a delightful gem! This cozy spot offers an inviting ambiance perfect for anyone looking to enjoy a quiet afternoon. The sandwiches here are simply superb, with fresh ingredients and imaginative combinations that satisfy both traditional and adventurous palates. The service is friendly and attentive, ensuring a pleasant experience every time. Whether you're stopping by for a quick lunch or settling in with a good book, Textbook Cafe is the perfect place to unwind and treat yourself to some delicious fare.

HUMAN

We split a merguez breakfast sandwich, a fish sandwich, and some fries. The breakfast sandwich was solid though I think it could have been even better if the merguez patty was broken up into little chunks and cooked with the eggs in sort of a scramble to better distribute it. Some bites were just sausage and nothing else. The fish sando was pretty good and compared to many similar sandwiches, it was huge. Almost too much bread? But that's a better problem than a puny sandwich. The fries had this Tunisian seasoning that didn't really do it for me. It smelled good but tasted a little bitter.

AI or human? (science writing)

Passage 1

Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality. When we recognize our place in an immensity of light years and in the passage of ages, when we grasp the intricacy, beauty, and subtlety of life, then that soaring feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined, is surely spiritual.

Passage 2

There is something astonishing in the fact that we are made of matter forged in dying stars, that the calcium in our bones was created in stellar furnaces billions of years before Earth existed. The universe is not indifferent to us; we are made of it, continuous with it. To understand this is not to feel small. It is to feel implicated in something vast.

AI or human? (science writing)

Passage 1 · Carl Sagan

Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality. When we recognize our place in an immensity of light years and in the passage of ages, when we grasp the intricacy, beauty, and subtlety of life, then that soaring feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined, is surely spiritual.

Passage 2 · AI (Claude)

There is something astonishing in the fact that we are made of matter forged in dying stars, that the calcium in our bones was created in stellar furnaces billions of years before Earth existed. The universe is not indifferent to us; we are made of it, continuous with it. To understand this is not to feel small. It is to feel implicated in something vast.

AI or human? (literary fiction)

Passage 1

The boy asked his grandfather why the old church had no roof. The old man said weather and time and indifference. The boy asked if someone could fix it. The grandfather said yes. But no one would. Things were built and things fell down and mostly people just stepped over the rubble on their way to somewhere else.

Passage 2

It makes no difference what men think of war, said the judge. War endures. As well ask men what they think of stone. War was always here. Before man was, war waited for him. The ultimate trade awaiting its ultimate practitioner. That is the way it was and will be.

AI or human? (literary fiction)

Passage 1 · AI (Claude)

The boy asked his grandfather why the old church had no roof. The old man said weather and time and indifference. The boy asked if someone could fix it. The grandfather said yes. But no one would. Things were built and things fell down and mostly people just stepped over the rubble on their way to somewhere else.

Passage 2 · Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian

It makes no difference what men think of war, said the judge. War endures. As well ask men what they think of stone. War was always here. Before man was, war waited for him. The ultimate trade awaiting its ultimate practitioner. That is the way it was and will be.

AI or human? (historical fiction)

Passage 1

It is wise to conceal the past even if there is nothing to conceal. A man's power is in the half-light, in the half-seen movements of his hand and the unguessed-at expression of his face. It is the absence of facts that frightens people: the gap you open, into which they pour their fears, fantasies, desires.

Passage 2

A letter can be read many ways, and he had learned to write in all of them at once. The surface meaning for anyone who might intercept it. The true meaning for the recipient who knew what to look for. And a third meaning, hidden even from himself. Ambiguity was not weakness. It was survival. A man who spoke plainly was a man who would not speak for long.

AI or human? (historical fiction)

Passage 1 · Hilary Mantel, Wolf Hall

It is wise to conceal the past even if there is nothing to conceal. A man's power is in the half-light, in the half-seen movements of his hand and the unguessed-at expression of his face. It is the absence of facts that frightens people: the gap you open, into which they pour their fears, fantasies, desires.

Passage 2 · AI (Claude)

A letter can be read many ways, and he had learned to write in all of them at once. The surface meaning for anyone who might intercept it. The true meaning for the recipient who knew what to look for. And a third meaning, hidden even from himself. Ambiguity was not weakness. It was survival. A man who spoke plainly was a man who would not speak for long.

Some tells

  • “Not X but Y” (and “X, not Y”)
  • Triples (“fast, cheap, and easy”)
  • Lists, even hidden in prose
  • Too many similes (“rippling like an electric jolt”)
  • Genre clichés: “hidden gem,” “tucked away”
  • Corporate vocabulary: “we must,” “ongoing process”
  • AI-ism words: “crucial,” “leverage,” “delve”
  • Aphoristic landings (“approximate is the point”)
  • Aphoristic compression (“plausible is not correct”)
  • Framing the claim (“what's interesting is…”)
  • “That” and “those” pointing back instead of naming the thing
  • Abstractions doing the acting (“the conversation shifts”)
  • Em dashes everywhere
  • Paragraph openers that announce what's coming (“the biggest thing was…”)
  • Quotes that “send a clear message”
  • Generic statements without specifics (“a delightful gem” fits any cafe)

Tells age out

  • “Delve” was a famous tell in 2023
  • Newer models trained it out
  • Tells depend on which model wrote the prose
  • The list keeps changing

From Pangram's list (the durable entries)

  • “Delve”
  • “It's important to note”
  • “In summary” / “In conclusion”
  • “Remember that…”
  • “Navigating the landscape”
  • “In the world of”
  • “Whether you're X or Y”
  • “When it comes to”

AI detectors don't work very well either

  • False positives on real student writing
  • Light editing fools them
  • Probability scores from Pangram and the rest

Authorship is a spectrum

Pangram now describes four points along a spectrum.

  • Fully human-written
  • Lightly AI-assisted
  • Moderately AI-assisted
  • Fully AI-generated

Many of the cases readers flag fall in the middle two. Disclosure policy hasn't caught up.

The goal

  • Read more carefully
  • Better questions about authorship and disclosure
  • Catching cheaters is a different problem (detectors don't work anyway)

Questions?